Publish Time: 2021-11-16 Origin: Site
A clean bench (also called a laminar flow bench or laminar flow workstation) is a piece of equipment designed to create a micro-environment that meets industry standards for particulate control. Clean benches range in size from compact tabletop versions to larger cabinets. Many manufacturing environments, such as semiconductor, pharmaceutical, medical device, food, aerospace and nanotechnology production, require that products be kept free of particulate contamination. Laboratories and test and inspection areas are also common sites for clean benches. Clean benches are a convenient method of creating a Class 100 (ISO 5) or Class 10 (ISO 4) clean air environment within a larger work area. Clean benches can be used as stand-alone solutions or they can be installed inside a cleanroom. It is often more economical to supplement a cleanroom with clean benches to create localized Class 100 or Class 10 areas, rather than make the entire cleanroom Class 100 or Class 10. When used outside a cleanroom, a clean bench does not require a worker to be gowned, although individuals often wear gloves and arm coverings when using a bench as an extra measure of protection against particulate contamination.
Clean benches employ two key principals that are critical to maintaining a contaminant-free environment. — laminar airflow and filtration.
Laminar flow refers to a state in which non-turbulent streams of air flow in one direction parallel to one another. Laminar airflow is the most efficient option for removing particulate contamination from a controlled area because the airflow uniformity and lack of turbulence keep clean airstreams from mixing with contaminated airstreams. An object being bathed with clean, turbulence-free, laminar airflow will remain clean and protected from nearby contamination. Clean benches with either vertical or horizontal laminar airflow provide the cleanest working environments because HEPA-filtered air within these benches is unidirectional and turbulence-free. (Unidirectional is airflow having generally parallel stream lines, operating in a single direction with uniform velocity over its cross section.)
The air that bathes a product in a clean bench needs to be free of contaminants. This requires filtration. Clean benches are usually classified according to the number and size of particles permitted per volume of air in a specific amount of time.
A HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter is often used to filter the airstreams of a clean bench. To qualify as HEPA by U.S. government standards, an air filter must remove 99.97% of 0.3 micrometer particles. With the proper airflow and HEPA-filtered air, a clean bench can be rated Class 100 or ISO 5 (99.99% are typically used). An ULPA (Ultra-Low Particulate Air) filter can be used when a Class 10 or ISO 4 rating is required. An ULPA filter removes at least 99.999% of any airborne particles 120 nanometers (0.12 micron) or larger.
CLEAN BENCHES There are many possible configurations for clean benches. Specifying the ideal environment for a particular application will require careful decisions regarding airflow, bench design and filtration options.
Direction of laminar flow The first decision a specifier of clean benches faces is horizontal or vertical laminar flow. Vertical and horizontal airflow benches each have strengths and weaknesses when it comes to keeping objects free from contamination. The configuration of the work piece and the nature of the work to be done will impact whether vertical or horizontal is best. The challenge is that when an object is placed into an airstream it is not perfectly aerodynamic and will block some of the airflow creating turbulence around itself. Where there is turbulence there is a reduced air exchange rate and possible mixing with adjacent airstreams. Turbulence can extend down the air steam from the object. Then energy from the turbulent area can draw air back upstream towards the object.
Horizontal flow — Horizontal airflow is generally best when the work piece has a large horizontal surface and/or a narrow cross section perpendicular to the airflow. Horizontal airflow is also well suited for applications in which an individual must work directly over the work piece. In a horizontal flow clean bench there is constant clean airflow between the work object and the worker’s hands or instruments. When using a clean bench with a standard 90 LFPM (Linear Feet per Minute) airflow velocity and a 30 in. work area, it takes less than two seconds for a complete air exchange to occur. A typical horizontal laminar flow workstation has a tabletop and a three-sided hood. The HEPA filter is located on the vertical rear side of the work surface and is susceptible to damage. A secondary grill is sometimes needed for filter protection. Vertical flow — Vertical flow is used for a number of reasons but the size and type of object are the primary considerations. Large objects can block the airflow in a horizontal laminar flow workstation, creating large areas of turbulence on the downstream side of the object. These turbulent areas often become contaminated as ambient air is drawn in. With vertical flow, air enters the work zone from the top and flows downward, surrounding the object within the work area. Air flows on the front, sides and rear, bathing the object on all sides with clean, filtered air.